Patients may feel as if they are about to faint, cannot remain steady, and may describe the sensation as feeling intoxicated. Vertigo is a significant condition, and identifying its underlying cause requires a thorough examination by an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist.
CAUSES OF VERTIGO
The body’s balance depends on three main systems: the vestibular system (inner ear), visual input, and the musculoskeletal system. A disruption in any of these can lead to vertigo. Common causes include:
Viral upper respiratory tract infections
Secondary acute otitis media (middle ear infection)
Sudden head movements
Inner ear pressure disorders such as Meniere’s disease
Circulatory issues
Head trauma
Ear surgeries
Side effects of certain medications
Alcohol consumption
Neurological conditions
CONDITIONS THAT CAN CAUSE VERTIGO
- Cardiovascular diseases
- Central nervous system disorders
- Inflammation or tumors affecting the nerve connecting the inner ear to the brain
- Abnormal connections between the middle and inner ear
- Middle ear infections
- Ototoxic medications
- Aging
- Migraine
- Cervical hernia or neck arthritis
- Psychiatric conditions
Positional Vertigo (Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo – BPPV):
Sudden episodes of dizziness triggered by specific head movements. These episodes are usually brief and may be accompanied by abnormal eye movements (nystagmus). Treatment typically involves a repositioning technique known as the Epley maneuver, which is often very effective.
Inner Ear Pressure (Meniere’s Disease):
This occurs when fluid builds up in the semicircular canals of the inner ear. Although the exact cause is unknown, stress, pregnancy, and menopause are known triggers. It can affect individuals of all ages but is more common between ages 40 and 60. Symptoms include dizziness with nausea, ringing in the ear before an attack, a sensation of fullness in the ear, and hearing loss.
TREATMENT OF VERTIGO
Treatment is tailored to the underlying cause of vertigo. If the cause can be identified, treatment is focused on that specific condition. If not, management may include eliminating triggers such as stress, alcohol, smoking, caffeine, and salt; avoiding positions that provoke symptoms; and using medications or surgical options when appropriate.
